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POSIX.pod
=head1 NAME POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1 =head1 SYNOPSIS use POSIX (); use POSIX qw(setsid); use POSIX qw(:errno_h :fcntl_h); printf "EINTR is %d\n", EINTR; $sess_id = POSIX::setsid(); $fd = POSIX::open($path, O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_WRONLY, 0644); # note: that's a filedescriptor, *NOT* a filehandle =head1 DESCRIPTION The POSIX module permits you to access all (or nearly all) the standard POSIX 1003.1 identifiers. Many of these identifiers have been given Perl-ish interfaces. This document gives a condensed list of the features available in the POSIX module. Consult your operating system's manpages for general information on most features. Consult L
for functions which are noted as being identical or almost identical to Perl's builtin functions. The first section describes POSIX functions from the 1003.1 specification. The second section describes some classes for signal objects, TTY objects, and other miscellaneous objects. The remaining sections list various constants and macros in an organization which roughly follows IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993. The notation C<[C99]> indicates functions that were added in the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 version of the C language standard. Some may not be available on your system if it adheres to an earlier standard. Attempts to use any missing one will result in a fatal runtime error message. =head1 CAVEATS I
(with a handful of exceptions). This is an unfortunate backwards compatibility feature and its use is B
>. You should either prevent the exporting (by saying S
>, as usual) and then use fully qualified names (e.g. C
), or give an explicit import list. If you do neither and opt for the default (as in S
>), you will import I
of symbols into your namespace. A few functions are not implemented because they are C specific. If you attempt to call these, they will print a message telling you that they aren't implemented, and suggest using the Perl equivalent, should one exist. For example, trying to access the C
call will elicit the message "C
". Furthermore, some evil vendors will claim 1003.1 compliance, but in fact are not so: they will not pass the PCTS (POSIX Compliance Test Suites). For example, one vendor may not define C
, or the semantics of the errno values set by C
might not be quite right. Perl does not attempt to verify POSIX compliance. That means you can currently successfully say "use POSIX", and then later in your program you find that your vendor has been lax and there's no usable C
macro after all. This could be construed to be a bug. =head1 FUNCTIONS =over 8 =item C<_exit> This is identical to the C function C<_exit()>. It exits the program immediately which means among other things buffered I/O is B
flushed. Note that when using threads and in Linux this is B
a good way to exit a thread because in Linux processes and threads are kind of the same thing (Note: while this is the situation in early 2003 there are projects under way to have threads with more POSIXly semantics in Linux). If you want not to return from a thread, detach the thread. =item C
This is identical to the C function C
. It terminates the process with a C
signal unless caught by a signal handler or if the handler does not return normally (it e.g. does a C
). =item C
This is identical to Perl's builtin C
function, returning the absolute value of its numerical argument (except that C
must be provided an explicit value (rather than relying on an implicit C<$_>): $absolute_value = POSIX::abs(42); # good $absolute_value = POSIX::abs(); # throws exception =item C
Determines the accessibility of a file. if( POSIX::access( "/", &POSIX::R_OK ) ){ print "have read permission\n"; } Returns C
on failure. Note: do not use C
for security purposes. Between the C
call and the operation you are preparing for the permissions might change: a classic I
. =item C
This is identical to the C function C
, returning the arcus cosine of its numerical argument. See also L
. =item C
This is identical to the C function C
, returning the hyperbolic arcus cosine of its numerical argument [C99]. See also L
. Added in Perl v5.22. =item C
This is identical to Perl's builtin C
function, either for arming or disarming the C
timer, except that C
must be provided an explicit value (rather than relying on an implicit C<$_>): POSIX::alarm(3) # good POSIX::alarm() # throws exception =item C
This is identical to the C function C
. It returns a string of the form "Fri Jun 2 18:22:13 2000\n\0" and it is called thusly $asctime = asctime($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year, $wday, $yday, $isdst); The C<$mon> is zero-based: January equals C<0>. The C<$year> is 1900-based: 2001 equals C<101>. C<$wday> and C<$yday> default to zero (and are usually ignored anyway), and C<$isdst> defaults to -1. Note the result is always in English. Use C
> instead to get a result suitable for the current locale. That function's C<%c> format yields the locale's preferred representation. =item C
This is identical to the C function C
, returning the arcus sine of its numerical argument. See also L
. =item C
This is identical to the C function C
, returning the hyperbolic arcus sine of its numerical argument [C99]. See also L
. Added in Perl v5.22. =item C
Unimplemented, but you can use L
and the L
module to achieve similar things. =item C
This is identical to the C function C
, returning the arcus tangent of its numerical argument. See also L
. =item C
This is identical to the C function C
, returning the hyperbolic arcus tangent of its numerical argument [C99]. See also L
. Added in Perl v5.22. =item C
This is identical to Perl's builtin C
function, returning the arcus tangent defined by its two numerical arguments, the I
coordinate and the I
coordinate. See also L
. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific: use C
instead, see L
. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently. If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently. If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it. If you need to have just the integer part, see L
. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently. If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it. If you need to have just the integer part, see L
. =item C
C
not supplied. For doing binary search on wordlists, see L
. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently. =item C
The cube root [C99]. Added in Perl v5.22. =item C
This is identical to the C function C
, returning the smallest integer value greater than or equal to the given numerical argument. =item C
This is identical to Perl's builtin C
function, allowing one to change the working (default) directory -- see L
-- with the exception that C
must be provided an explicit value (rather than relying on an implicit C<$_>): $rv = POSIX::chdir('path/to/dir'); # good $rv = POSIX::chdir(); # throws exception =item C
This is identical to Perl's builtin C
function, allowing one to change file and directory permissions -- see L
-- with the exception that C
can only change one file at a time (rather than a list of files): $c = chmod 0664, $file1, $file2; # good $c = POSIX::chmod 0664, $file1; # throws exception $c = POSIX::chmod 0664, $file1, $file2; # throws exception As with the built-in C
, C<$file> may be a filename or a file handle. =item C
This is identical to Perl's builtin C
function, allowing one to change file and directory owners and groups, see L
. =item C
Not implemented. Use the method C
instead, to reset the error state (if any) and EOF state (if any) of the given stream. =item C
This is identical to the C function C
, returning the amount of spent processor time in microseconds. =item C
Close the file. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling C
. $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY ); POSIX::close( $fd ); Returns C
on failure. See also L
. =item C
This is identical to Perl's builtin C
function for closing a directory handle, see L
. =item C
This is identical to Perl's builtin C
function, for returning the cosine of its numerical argument, see L
. See also L
. =item C
This is identical to the C function C
, for returning the hyperbolic cosine of its numeric argument. See also L
. =item C
Returns C
but with the sign of C
[C99]. Added in Perl v5.22. $x_with_sign_of_y = POSIX::copysign($x, $y); See also L. =item C
Create a new file. This returns a file descriptor like the ones returned by C
. Use C
to close the file. $fd = POSIX::creat( "foo", 0611 ); POSIX::close( $fd ); See also L
and its C
flag. =item C
Generates the path name for the controlling terminal. $path = POSIX::ctermid(); =item C
This is identical to the C function C
and equivalent to C
, see L
and L. =item C
[POSIX.1-1988] Get the login name of the owner of the current process. $name = POSIX::cuserid(); Note: this function has not been specified by POSIX since 1990 and is included only for backwards compatibility. New code should use L
|perlfunc/getlogin> instead. =item C
This is identical to the C function C
, for returning the time difference (in seconds) between two times (as returned by C
), see L
. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific, use L
on the usual C> division and the modulus C<%>. =item C
This is similar to the C function C
, for duplicating a file descriptor. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling C
. Returns C
on failure. =item C
This is similar to the C function C
, for duplicating a file descriptor to an another known file descriptor. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling C
. Returns C
on failure. =item C
The error function [C99]. Added in Perl v5.22. =item C
The complementary error function [C99]. Added in Perl v5.22. =item C
Returns the value of errno. $errno = POSIX::errno(); This identical to the numerical values of the C<$!>, see L
. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific, see L
. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific, see L
. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific, see L
. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific, see L
. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific, see L
. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific, see L
. =item C
This is identical to Perl's builtin C
function for exiting the program, see L
. =item C
This is identical to Perl's builtin C
function for returning the exponent (I
-based) of the numerical argument, see L
. =item C
Equivalent to C
, but more precise for small argument values [C99]. Added in Perl v5.22. See also L. =item C
This is identical to Perl's builtin C
function for returning the absolute value of the numerical argument, see L
. =item C
Not implemented. Use method C
instead, or see L
. =item C
This is identical to Perl's builtin C
function, see L
. =item C
Not implemented. Use method C
instead, or see L
. =item C
Not implemented. Use method C
instead, or see L
. =item C
Not implemented. Use method C
instead. =item C
Not implemented. Use method C
instead. See also C
>. =item C
Not implemented. Use method C
instead, or see L
. =item C
Not implemented. Use method C
instead, or see L
. =item C
Not implemented. Use method C
instead. Similar to E
E
, also known as L
. =item C
Not implemented. Use method C
instead, or see L
. =item C
This is identical to the C function C
, returning the largest integer value less than or equal to the numerical argument. =item C
"Positive difference", S
> if S
y>>, zero otherwise [C99]. Added in Perl v5.22. =item C
Returns the current floating point rounding mode, one of FE_TONEAREST FE_TOWARDZERO FE_UPWARD FE_DOWNWARD C
is like L, C
is like L [C99]. Added in Perl v5.22. =item C
Sets the floating point rounding mode, see L
[C99]. Added in Perl v5.22. =item C
"Fused multiply-add", S
>, possibly faster (and less lossy) than the explicit two operations [C99]. Added in Perl v5.22. my $fused = POSIX::fma($x, $y, $z); =item C
Maximum of C
and C
, except when either is C
, returns the other [C99]. Added in Perl v5.22. my $min = POSIX::fmax($x, $y); =item C
Minimum of C
and C
, except when either is C
, returns the other [C99]. Added in Perl v5.22. my $min = POSIX::fmin($x, $y); =item C
This is identical to the C function C
. $r = fmod($x, $y); It returns the remainder S
>, where S
>. The C<$r> has the same sign as C<$x> and magnitude (absolute value) less than the magnitude of C<$y>. =item C
Not implemented. Use method C
instead, or see L
. =item C
This is identical to Perl's builtin C
function for duplicating the current process, see L
and L
if you are in Windows. =item C
Retrieves the value of a configurable limit on a file or directory. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling C
. The following will determine the maximum length of the longest allowable pathname on the filesystem which holds F. $fd = POSIX::open( "/var/foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY ); $path_max = POSIX::fpathconf($fd, &POSIX::_PC_PATH_MAX); Returns C
on failure. =item C
Returns one of FP_NORMAL FP_ZERO FP_SUBNORMAL FP_INFINITE FP_NAN telling the class of the argument [C99]. C
is positive or negative infinity, C
is not-a-number. C
means subnormal numbers (also known as denormals), very small numbers with low precision. C
is zero. C
is all the rest. Added in Perl v5.22. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific, see L
instead. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific, see L
instead. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific, see L
instead. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific, see L
instead. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently. =item C
Not implemented. C
is C-specific, see L
instead. =item C